Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
Tara Tofighi
Mark Shafarenko
Production Managers
Sara Mirali
Ayesh Seneviratne
Atlas Editor
Ali Helmi
Associate Editors: Primary
Arnav Agarwal
Priya Bapat
Associate Editors: Medicine
Helen Genis
Alex Sapa
Associate Editors: Surgery
Ahmad Mousa
Siraj Zahr
EBM: Primary
Danielle Jeong
Graham Mazereeuw
EBM: Medicine
Melissa Allwood
Joshua Mehta
EBM: Surgery
Alex Tigert
Michael Elfassy
Clinical Handbook Editors
Matthew Wong-Pack
Marissa Lu
Stephanie Lim-Reinders
STAT Notes Editor
Mina Faheim
BMC Production Editors
Natividad Chen
Julia Devorak
Communications Managers
Min Joon Lee
Calvin Diep
Copy Editors
Yujin Li
Vijay Sandhu
Gabriella Ghanem
Mirriam Mikhail
Christopher Olesovsky
Casey Rosen
Sparsh Shah
Adam Monod
Sandra Fiset
Rohan Philip
Jenessa Kerr
Akanksha Nayak
Vishalini Sivarajah
Kennedy Hao
Sana Warsi
Kaitlyn Lam
Jason Jia
Sruthi Thomas
Kristen Dietrich
Sivisan Suntheralingam
Anuja Bhalerao
Orly Bogler
Lily Wang
Sechiv Jugnundan
Alison Sumner
Jinbaek Kim
Lindsay Cho
Ryan Mason
Carter Winberg
Taaha Muhammad
Julia Woo
Sze Chan
Jaime Sklar
Nicole Falzone
An Shao
Ilana Birnbaum
Erika Haskings
Kevin Si
Esaba Kashem
Jordan Lewis
Sarah Freeman
Jennifer Tang
Aram Abbasian
Julia Pasquale
Min Kim
Claudia Dziegielewski
Shelby Olesovsky
Kennedy Meier
Maha Munawar
Arunima Sivanand
Claire Stanley
Alexander Landry
Majd Abdullah
Ilana Clark
Arjun Sithamparapillai
Alexandra Majerski
Carmen Baker
Laura Wong
Amber Miatello
Elenor Henry
Anisha Dhalla
Abi Kirubarajan
Jocelyn Jia
Connor Brenna
Alvi Islam
Paul Junhyuck Kim
Victoria Chuen
Gianluca Sampieri
Janis Chang
Arshia Javidan
Airiss Chan
Irakli Dznealdze
Alan Zhou
Catherine Matolcsy
David Bobrowski
Karanbir Brar
Daniel Park
Anthony Giuliano
Meng Li
Priya Dhir
Janakan Somasundaram
Helen Liu
Amirpouyan Namavarian
Healey Shulman
Ishan Aditya
Adam Bobrowski
Student Editors
Chapter Editors
Medical Imaging
Albert Lee
Ali Helmi
Ethical, Legal and Organizational Medicine
Adam Shehata
Sharef Danho
Anesthesia
James Bao
Jagan Sivakumaran
Dermatology
Arvin Ighani
Jia Tanwani
Caitlin Chrystoja
Emergency Medicine
Matthew Piaseczny
Jason Park
Alex Coutin
Family Medicine
David Field
Shirley Poon
Cecilia Alvarez-Veronesi
Genetics
Brianna Barsanti
Pediatrics
Spencer Van Mil
Allie Davidson
Jesse Creamer
Pharmacology
Felix Chan
Arman Zereshkian
Population and Community Health
Diana Sun
Harpreet Chahal
Psychiatry
Melissa Lee
Katija Bonin
Sanasi Jayawardena
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery
Tina Binesh Marvasti
Alexandra Silberberg
Mohammed Firdouse
Endocrinology
Joshua Fletcher
Justine Philteos
Gastroenterology
Richard You Wu
Aggie Gao
Kimia Sheikholeslami
Geriatric Medicine
Brigida Bruno
Ari Cuperfain
Adrian Chan
Hematology
Teja Voruganti
Hayeong Rho
Infectious Diseases
Priyank Bhatnagar
Aidan Mcparland
Nephrology
Jessie Peng
Ariel Yekeskel
Neurology
Emily Hughes
Eshita Kapoor
Respirology
Meagan Thang
Samantha Fernandes
Waleed Ahmed
Rheumatology
Daniel Pau
Curtis Sobchak
General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery
Mike Dzingala
Evelyn Waugh
Kimerly Lam
Niv Vela
Gynecology
Martha Smith
Ting Cai
Neurosurgery
Brij Karmur
Colin Maslink
Karim Mithani
Obstetrics
Tal Milman
Abigail Lee
Melin Peng
Ophthalmology
Armin Abadeh
Tarek Bin Yameen
Marko Popovic
Kirill Zaslavsky
Orthopedics
Teresa Ziegler
Sam Keshen
Otolaryngology
Brian Shin
Chantal Li
Luke Gagnon
Plastic Surgery
Sophia Duong
Alex Adibfar
Urology
Jethro Kwong
Kosalan Akilan
Vascular Surgery
Ben Li
Arun Partridge
Benjamin Fung
Faculty Editors
Eugene Yu, MD, FRCPC
Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network
Nasir Jaffer, MD, FRCPC
Division of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto
John Kavanagh, MD, FRCPC
Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto
Ruby Shanker, MBBS, MHSc
University Health Network, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Jeff Wassermann, MD, FRCPC
Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael’s Hospital
Diana Tamir, MD, FRCPC
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network
Ahtsham Niazi, MBBS, FCARCSI, FRCPC
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network
Jensen Yueng, MD, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital
David Adam, MD, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Marissa Joseph, MD, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children
Mark Freedman, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Fernando Teixeira, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Azadeh (Azi) Moaveni, MD, CCFP
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Ruby Alvi, MD, CCFP, MHSc
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto
Hanna Faghfoury, MDCM, FRCPC, FCCMG
The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, Departmnent of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network
Joyce So, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FCCMG
The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, Departmnent of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network
Janaki Vallipuram, MD, FRCPC
Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children
Julie Johnstone, MD (FRCPC), MScCH
Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children
Laila Premji, MD, FRCPC
Division of Paediatric Medicine, Deparment of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children
David Juurlink, BPhm, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Departmentds of Medicine and Pediatrics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Barry Pakes, BSc, MD, MPH, CCFP, DTMH, FRCPC, PhD
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Andrew Pinto , MD, CCFP, FRCPC, MSc
Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Benoit Mulsant, MD, MS, FRCPC
Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Oshrit Wanono, MD, FRCPC
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Michael McDonald, MD, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology and The Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
Sacha Bhatia, MD, MBA, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Women’s College Hospital
Paul Dorian, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital
Jeannette Goguen, MD, FRCPC, MEd
Department of Endocrinology, St. Michael’s Hospital
Julie Gilmour, MBCHB, FRCPC, MSC
Department of Endocrinology, St. Michael’s Hospital
Phillip Segal, MD, FRCPC
Division of Endocrinology, University Health Network
Maria Cino, HonBSc, MSc, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Gabor Kandel, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Piero Tartaro, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Vicky Chau, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network
Dan Liberman, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network
Martina Trinkaus, MD, FRCPC
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Richard Wells, MD, D.Phil, FRCPC
Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Paul Bunce, BSc, MA, MD, FRCPC
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network
Gemini Tanna, MD, FRCPC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Alireza Zahirieh, MD, FRCPC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Ramesh Prasad, MA, MB, MSc, BS
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Esther Bui, MD, FRCPC
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network
Xavier Montalban, MD, PhD
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Anju Anand, MD, FRCPC
Divison of Respirology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital
Meyer Balter, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP
Division of Respiratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital
Heather McDonald-Blumer, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital
Simon Carette, MD, FRCPC
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital
Fayez Quereshy, MD, MBA, FRCSC
Division of General Surgery, University Health Network
Abdollah Behzadi, MD, MBA, FRCSC, FACS
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
Fay Weisberg, MD, FRCSC
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto
Danielle Vicus, MD, FRCSC, MSc
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Sari Kives, MD, FRCSC
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael’s Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children
Eric Massicotte, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Todd Mainprize, MD, FRCSC
Department of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Richard Pittini, MD, MEd, FRCSC, FACOG
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Rohan D’Souza, MD, MSc, FRCOG, PhD (C)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital
Amanda Selk, MD, FRCSC
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital
Marisa Sit, MD, FRCSC
Department of Opthalmology and Vision Sciences, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Ike Ahmed, MD, FRCSC
Department of Opthalmology and Vision Sciences, Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto
Asim Ali, MD, FRCSC
Department of Opthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto
Herb von Schroeder, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Divisions of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network
Jeremy Hall, MD, FRCSC
Dvision of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital
Jonathan Irish, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Health Network
Evan Propst, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children
Melinda Musgrave, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital
Siba Haykal, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network
Jason Lee, MD, MHPE, FRCSC
Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network – Toronto General Hospital
Sender Herschorn, MDCM, FRCSC
Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Women’s College Hospital
Elisa Greco, BSc, MBChB, MD, FRCS
Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital
George Oreopoulos, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network