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Toronto Notes 2021 Contributors
Editors-in-Chief
Megan Drupals
Matthaeus Ware
Production Managers
Yuliya Lytvyn
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Clinical Handbook Editors
Kirusanthy Kaneshwaran
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Courtney Francis
David Lee
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BMC Production Editors
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CONTENT REVIEW COMMITTEE
Steven (Sung Min) Cho
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Sarah Saba Khan
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And ELOM and PHPM Chapter Editors
BMC ILLUSTRATORS
Ingrid Barany
Brittany Cheung
Eric Chung
Jennifer Gu
Katrina Hass
Cassie Hillock-Watling
Taeah Kim
Jennifer Lee
Chloe Ng
Ariadna Pomada Villalbi
Colleen Paris
Yu Xiang Ren
Ava Schroedl
Christine Shan
Lesia Szyca
Emily Taylor
Willow Yang
Roxanne Ziman
PRIMARY
Associate Editors
Vanessa Sheng
Kimberly Young
EBM Editors
Hanna Jalali
Emily Kornelsen
MEDICINE
Associate Editors
Sonieya Nagarajah
Wid Yaseen
EBM Editors
Robert D'Cruz
Roslyn Mainland
SURGERY
Associate Editors
Amrit Sampalli
Ryan Wang
EBM Editors
Akshdeep Bhatia
Natalie Landon-Brace
Chapter Editors
Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine
Zainab Doleeb
Moiz Mikail
Jennifer Zheng
Anesthesia
Dong An
Sylvie Bowden
Isabelle Laksono
Ryan Ramos
Clinical Pharmacology
Sarfraz Gill
Cathy Huilin Lu
Sheza Qayyum
Dermatology
Na-Young Cindy Kang
Matthew Ladda
Khalad Maliyar
Emergency Medicine
Kiran Grant
Arshia Pedram Javidan
Jason CS Kwan
Natalie Paolucci
Family Medicine
Bryce Chen
Ingrid Cheung
Tiffany Got
Monica Shah
Medical Genetics
Andrew Assatory
Kelly Dong
Medical Imaging
Chaitanya Bhatt
Keshav Narang
Taryn Rohringer
Paediatrics
Kristen Dietrich
Brian Earl
Taaha Muhammad
Jacqui van Warmerdam
Palliative Medicine
Airiss Chan
Kristen Dietrich
Kiran Grant
Verina Hanna
Valerie Kim
Sheida Naderi-Azad
Monica Shah
Donald Wang
Psychiatry
Ayan Dey
Meera Mahendiran
Fiona Moloney
Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Zainab Doleeb
Stephanie Hosang
Chantal Phillips
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
David Bobrowski
Sagar Patel
Amr Saleh
Klaudiusz Stoklosa
Endocrinology
Armin Farahvash
Ghazal Haddad
Alice Zhu
Gastroenterology
Christina Blagojevic
Airiss Chan
Jennifer Zheng
Geriatric Medicine
Emily Chen
Kimberley Lau
David Wiercigroch
Hematology
Zachary Blatman
Sara Mirali
Natalya O'Neill
Infectious Diseases
Monisha Basu
Michelle Lee
Sabrina Yeung
Nephrology
Karan Chohan
Savar Kaul
Aneesh Thakore
Neurology
Laavanya Dharmakulaseelan
Megan Hird
Jenny Liao
Respirology
Krish Bilimoria
Reza Fakhraei
Ortenc Hoxha
Rheumatology
Onella Charles
Nathalie Loeb
Cameron Taheri
General and Thoracic Surgery
Melanie Elhafid
Sina Hadipour-Lakmehsari
Darby Little
Andreea Matei
Gynaecology
Isabella Fan
Lyn (Xinglin) Li
Melissa Tigert
Eliya (Zi Ying) Zhao
Neurosurgery
Sara Ahmed
Anders Erickson
Sydney McQueen
Obstetrics
Susan Dong
Julia Hollingsworth
Abirami Kirubarajan
Ophthalmology
Yusuf Ahmed
Avi Garg
Prem Nichani
Bryan Wong
Orthopaedics
Sofia Solar Cafaggi
Anser Daud
Emmanuel Igbokwe
Geoffrey Schemitsch
Otolaryngology
YiQin Cheng
Christopher End
Christina (Joo Hyun) Kim
Gianluca Sampieri
Plastic Surgery
Shawn Khan
Mithila Somasundaram
Janakan Somasundaram
Urology
Adam Bobrowski
Christina Ding
Vascular Surgery
Shane Natalwalla
Lyon Qiao
Copy Editors
Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine
Dakoda Herman
Iris Kim
Stephanie Schwindt
Katie Wilkins
Anesthesia
Linor Berezin
Clemence Cote
Emanuel Mastrangelo
Clinical Pharmacology
Monish Ahluwalia
Kathak Vachhani
Dermatology
Maria Leis
Seiwon Park
Ashmita Singh
Evan Tang
Emergency Medicine
Danielle Lewis
Ming K. Li
Kenneth Williams
Hanyan Zou
Family Medicine
Stephanie Hosang
Brendan Kelly
Danny Ma
Lauren Wintraub
Medical Genetics
Nicholas Light
Joanna Yang
Medical Imaging
Thomas Chang
Sabrina Fitzgerald
Mana Modares
Paediatrics
Yousuf Ahmed
Anna Jiang
Benjamin Martinez
Ananya Srivastava
Palliative Medicine
Maleeha A. Qazi
Grace Xu
Psychiatry
Ruth Chau
Jeanette Hui
Jackie Tsang
Mary Xie
Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Mallory Jackman
Andrew Terence Lam
Max Solish
Mithila Somasundaram
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
Ahmed Abdelaal
Nitish Dhingra
Steven Mejia
Clara Osei-Yeboah
Endocrinology
Monica Boctor
Irakli Dzneladze
Lindsey Hatcher
Christine Wu
Gastroenterology
Hifza Buhari
Kyung Young Kim
Alicia Serrano
Jack Su
Geriatric Medicine
Dorothy Qian
Charles Brian Serapio
Hematology
Justin Brunet
Reid Gallant
Rohit Jogendran
Yici (Andrea) Liu
Infectious Diseases
Arnav Agarwal
Kevin Jia Qi Chen
Andreea Damian
Adrian Witol
Nephrology
Peter Nakhla
Nawazish Naqvi
Neurology
Sabrina Campbell
Mythili Nair
Kaylee Sohng
Edwin Wong
Respirology
Emily DeHaas
Arjuna Maharaj
Nicholas Taylor
Rheumatology
Tao Chan
Dario Ferri
Deepanshu Sharma
General and Thoracic Surgery
Anisha Akhtar
Flora Jung
Shawn Khan
Ayesha Tasneem
Gynaecology
Alessandra Ceccacci
Cara Elliott
Catherine Meng
Ronak Saluja
Neurosurgery
Dan Budiansky
Zaid Salaheen
Raza Syed
Hoyee Wan
Obstetrics
Zainab Doleeb
Justin Lim
Karly Stratos
Wei (Sheila) Yu
Ophthalmology
Yuri Chaban
Arjan Dhoot
Yuliya Lytvyn
Felicia Tai
Orthopaedics
Robert Koucheki
Janakan Somasundaram
Jane Zhu
Otolaryngology
Arshia Eshtiaghi
Mark Khoury
Justin Lu
Plastic Surgery
Matthew Carr
Justin Haas
Golsa Shafa
Jessica Trac
Urology
Adree Khondker
Xinran Liu
Xin Xu
Vascular Surgery
Lina Elfaki
Raumil Patel
All contributing professors have been appointed at the University of Toronto.
PRIMARY
Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine
Erika Abner, LLB, LLM, PhD
Faculty Lead, Ethics and Professionalism
Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine
Undergraduate Medical Education
Andria Bianchi, PhD
University Health Network
Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
Chase Everett McMurren, BA, BEd, MD, CCFP
Department of Family and Community Medicine
University of Toronto
Jason J Pennington, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of General Surgery
Department of Surgery
Scarborough Health Network
Lisa Richardson, MD, MA, FRCPC
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Anesthesia
Ahtsham Niazi, MBBS, FCARCSI, FRCPC
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management
University Health Network
Anita Sarmah, MBChB, MD, FRCA, FRCPC
Department of Anaesthesia
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Programme Director, UME Anesthesia
University of Toronto
Diana Tamir, MD, FRCPC
Staff Anesthesiologist, Toronto General Hospital
Clinical Director of the Acute Pain Service
Postgrad Anesthesia Site Assistant Coordinator
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management
Toronto General Hospital
Clinical Pharmacology
David Juurlink, BPhm, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Cindy Woodland, PhD
Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
Director, Collaborative Specialization in Biomedical Toxicology
Director, Applied Clinical Pharmacology Program
Dermatology
David Adam, MD, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Patrick Fleming, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FAAD, FCDA
Assistant Professor, Division of Dermatology
Dermatologist, Lynde Institute for Dermatology
Investigator, Probity Medical Research
Marissa Joseph, MD, MScCH, FRCPC, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine
Women’s College Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children
Jensen Yeung, MD, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine
Women’s College Hospital
Emergency Medicine
Mark Freedman, BSc, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Nadia Primiani, MD, CCFP(EM)
Department of Emergency Medicine
Sinai Health System
Fernando Teixeira, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Family Medicine
Ruby Alvi, MD, CCFP, MHSc
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Chase Everett McMurren, BA, BEd, MD, CCFP
Department of Family and Community Medicine
University of Toronto
Azadeh Moaveni, MD, CCFP, FCFP
Department of Family and Community Medicine
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Medical Genetics
Hanna Faghfoury, MDCM, FRCPC, FCCMG
The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network
Graeme AM Nimmo, MBBS, MSc, FRCPC
The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network
Joyce So, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FCCMG
The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network
Medical Imaging
Nasir Jaffer, MD, FRCPC
Division of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging
Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network
Joint Department of Medical Imaging
University of Toronto
John Kavanagh, MD, FRCPC
Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging
Joint Department of Medical Imaging
University of Toronto
Kieran Murphy, MB, FRCPC, FSIR
Interventional Neuroradiology,
Professor of Medical Imaging
Eugene Yu, MD, FRCPC
Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging
University Health Network
Paediatrics
Julie Johnstone, MD (FRCPC), MScCH
Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Laila Premji, MD, FRCPC
Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Angela Punnett MD FRCPC
Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Shazeen Suleman, MSc, MD, MPH (FRCPC)
Women and Children's Health
St. Michael's Hospital
Unity Health Toronto
Palliative Medicine
Risa Bordman, MD, CCFP(PC), FCFP
Associate Professor
Faculty Development Program Lead, Office of Education Scholarship
Co-chair Education Committee, Division of Palliative Care
Department of Family & Community Medicine
Adam Rapoport, MD, FRCPC, MHSc
Departments of Paediatrics and Family & Community Medicine
University of Toronto
Paediatric Advanced Care Team, SickKids
Emily's House Children's Hospice
Donna Spaner, MD, CCFP(PC), FCFP, MScCH
Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family and Community Medicine
Toronto Grace Health Centre
Psychiatry
Saulo Castel, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Director, Inpatient Services
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Ellen Margolese, LLB, MD, FRCP(C)
Assistant Professor
Undergraduate Education Coordinator
Staff Psychiatrist
Mount Sinai Hospital
Mary Preisman, MD, FRCPC
Department of Psychiatry
Mount Sinai Hospital
Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Chase Everett McMurren, BA, BEd, MD, CCFP
Department of Family and Community Medicine
University of Toronto
Onye Nnorom, MDCM, CCFP, MPH, FRCPC
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto
Jason J Pennington, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of General Surgery
Department of Surgery
Scarborough Health Network
Andrew Pinto, BSc, MD, CCFP, FRCPC, MSc
Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Lisa Richardson, MD, MA, FRCPC
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
University Health Network
MEDICINE
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
Chi-Ming Chow, MD, CM, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Paul Dorian, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology
St. Michael’s Hospital
Jacob A. Udell, MD, MPH, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
Women's College Hospital and Toronto General Hospital
University of Toronto
Bobby Yanagawa, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Division of Cardiac Surgery
St Michael’s Hospital
Endocrinology
Karen Gomez-Hernandez, MD, MSc
Department of Endocrinology
University Health Network Mount Sinai Hospital
Geetha Mukerji, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Endocrinology
Women’s College Hospital
Phillip Segal, MD, FRCPC
Division of Endocrinology
University Health Network
Gastroenterology
Maria Cino, BSc(Hon), MSc, MD, FRCPC, CAGF
Division of Gastroenterology
University Health Network, Toronto Western Division
Associate Professor, University of Toronto
Nicola L. Jones, MD, FRCPC, PhD
Department of Paediatrics
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
The Hospital for Sick Children
Gabor Kandel, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Piero Tartaro, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Geriatric Medicine
Vicky Chau, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine
Sinai Health System
Karen D’Silva, MD, MS, FRCPC
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine
St Michael’s Hospital
Dan Liberman, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Thiru Yogaparan, MD, FRCP
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Baycrest Health Sciences
Hematology
Gloria Lim, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Martina Trinkaus, MD, FRCPC
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Richard Wells, MD, DPhil, FRCPC
Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Infectious Diseases
Andrea K. Boggild, BSc, MSc, MD, FRCPC
Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital
Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto
Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto
Paul Bunce, BSc, MA, MD, FRCPC
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Susan M. Poutanen, MD, MPH, FRCPC
Department of Microbiology,
University Health Network & Sinai Health
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
University Health Network & Mount Sinai Hospital
Nephrology
Damien Noone, MB BCh BAO, MSc
Division of Paediatric Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Gemini Tanna, MD, FRCPC
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Alireza Zahirieh, MD, FRCPC
Division of Nephrology
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Neurology
Lorraine Kalia, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Charles D. Kassardjian, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael's Hospital
Mahendra Moharir, MD, MSc, FRACP
Staff Neurologist
Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Respirology
Lee Fidler, MD, FRCPC
Division of Respirology
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre
Samir Gupta, MD, FRCPC
Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine
Unity Health Toronto
Andrew Kouri, MD, FRCPC
Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Christopher Li, MD, FRCPC, DABSM
Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto
Rheumatology
Arthur Bookman, MD, FRCPC
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Shirley Lake, MD, FRCPC, MSc (QIPS)
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Medha L. Soowamber, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital
SURGERY
General and Thoracic Surgery
Abdollah Behzadi, MD, MBA, FRCSC, FACS
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
Trillium Health Partners, University of Toronto
Laura Donahoe, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
Jesse Pasternak, MD, MPH, FRCSC
Department of General Surgery
University Health Network
Fayez Quereshy, MD, MBA, FRCSC
Department of General Surgery
University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Gynaecology
Colleen McDermott, MSc, MD, FRCSC
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Mount Sinai Hospital
Danielle Vicus, MD, FRCSC, MSc
Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Fay Weisberg, MD, FRCSC
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Toronto
Neurosurgery
Sunit Das, MD, PhD
Division of Neurosurgery
St. Michael’s Hospital
Eric M. Massicotte, MD, MSc, MBA, FRCSC
Associate Professor University of Toronto
Staff Neurosurgeon, University Health Network
Director of Undergraduate Education for Neurosurgery
Medical Director, Back & Neck Program Altum Health
Obstetrics
Rohan D'Souza, MD, PhD, FRCOG, FCPS, MBBS, MSc, DNB, DGO, DFP
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Mount Sinai Hospital
Richard Pittini, MD, MEd, FRCSC, FACOG
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Ophthalmology
Asim Ali, MD, FRCSC
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto
Wai-Ching Lam, MD, FRCSC
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science
University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Marisa Sit, MD, FRCSC
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences
University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital
Orthopaedics
Jeremy Hall, MD, FRCSC
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery
St. Michael’s Hospital
Paul Kuzyk, MD, MASc, FRCSC
Assistant Professor
Lower Extremity Reconstruction Surgery
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery
Sarah Ward BSc, MLA, MD, MSc
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery
St. Michael’s Hospital
Jesse Wolfstadt, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Granovsky Gluskin Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery
Sinai Health System
Otolaryngology
Jonathan Irish, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
University Health Network
Evan Propst, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
The Hospital for Sick Children
Plastic Surgery
Siba Haykal, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
University Health Network
Melinda Musgrave, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery
St. Michael’s Hospital
Urology
Sender Herschorn, BSc, MDCM, FRCSC
Division of Urology, Department of Surgery
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Yonah Krakowsky, MD, FRCSC
Division of Urology
Women’s College & Mount Sinai Hospital
Jason Lee, MD, MHPE, FRCSC
Division of Urology, Department of Surgery
University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital
Vascular Surgery
Elisa Greco, BSc, MEd, MD, RPVI, FRCSC
Vascular Surgeon, St Michael’s Hospital
George Oreopoulos, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
University Health Network
The following external contributors revised content related to Indigenous health and history.
Erin Coates, MD
Department of Pediatrics
BC Children's Hospital
Dr. Cassandra Felske-Durksen, BSc, MD, CCFP
Indigenous Wellness Clinic, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta
Clinical Lecturer, University of Alberta
Clinical Instructor, University of British Columbia
Tibetha Kemble (Stonechild), BMgt, MEd, PhD (Candidate)
Department of Educational Policy Studies
Faculty of Education
University of Alberta
Bob Whiteduck Crawford
Professor and Counsellor George Brown College
Member of the Snimikobi First Nation
Former Chief of the Ardoch Algonquin First Nation
President of the Board, Native Earth Performing Arts