Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
Sydney McQueen
Tina Binesh Marvasti
Production Managers
Ilya Mukovozov
Kirill Zaslavsky
Atlas Editor
Ali Helmi
Associate Editors: Core & Primary
Taraneh (Tara) Tofighi
Sheliza Halani
Associate Editors: Medicine
Graham Mazereeuw
Samik Doshi
Associate Editors: Surgery
Mark Shafarenko
Sangwoo Leem
EBM: Core & Primary
Sukhmani Sodhi
Arnav Agarwal
EBM: Medicine
Alexander Sapa
Keeth Krishnan
EBM: Surgery
Shubham Shan
Jin Kyu Kim
Clinical Handbook Editors
Claudia Frankfurter
Kimia Sorouri
Waleed S. Ahmed
STAT Notes Editor
Mina Faheim
BMC Production Editors
Matan Berson
Natividad Chen
Copy Editors
Alexandra Majerski
Casey Rosen
Shicheng (Tony) Jin
Armin Abadeh
Ari Cuperfain
Jason (Jaewoo) Park
Chantal Li
Brij Karmur
Marissa Lu
Leedan Cohen Mammon
Eric (Yu Hang) Zheng
Jethro Kwong
Fang Zhou (Faith) Xu
Taylor Dear
Min Joon Lee
Kimberley Lam
Sara Mirali
Melissa Allwood
Mirriam Mikhail
Helen Genis
Austin Pereira
Jason Jia
Helen Liu
Megan Drupals
Jaya Tanwani
Eshita Kapoor
Salwa Hasan
Arunima Sivanand
Shihab Sarwar
Danielle Jeong
Kizanee Jegatheeswaran
Sivisan Suntheralingam
Amira Balbaa
Chloe Cadieux
Leigha Rowbottom
Alon Coret
Student Editors
Chapter Editors
Anesthesia
Pauline Sawicki
Abdulkarim Muhaseen
Lior Krimus
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery
Manpreet Basuita
Yehia Fanous
Jason Gencher
Dermatology
Stephanie Zhou
Arvin Ighani
Sarah Park
Emergency Medicine
Matt Piaseczny
Omri Arbiv
Cecilia Alvarez Veronesi
Endocrinology
Corita Vincent
Ahmed Shah
Jesse Creamer
Ethical, Legal and Organizational Medicine
Sabrina Agnihotri
Arash Khairandish
Family Medicine
Simran Mundi
Mohammed Firdouse
Gary Tran
Gastroenterology
James Bao
Rosie Presutti
Raghad Al-Saqqar
General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery
Jeff Metz
Alexander Tigert
Zacharie Cloutier
Amanpreet Brar
Geriatric Medicine
Victoria Chuen
Jessica Mak
Gynecology
Maria Daniel
Michal Sheinis
Evelyn Waugh
Tammy Ryan
Hematology
Lianne Rotin
Xin (Kevin) Wang
Infectious Diseases
Robyn Elphinstone
Rochelle Melvin
Zane Brickman
Medical Genetics
Spencer van Mil
Medical Imaging
Zafir Syed
Darren Liu
Mark Barszczyk
Jinhui (Bill) Yan
Nephrology
Tamoor Afzaal
Sarah Cao
Tian Yang (Darren) Liu
Neurology
Tal Milman
Ikreet Cheema
Dhruv Kumar Jain
Neurosurgery
Nardin Samuel
Ann Mansur
Celina Nahanni
Obstetrics
Curtis Sobchak
Emily Bartsch
Stephanie Searle
Ophthalmology
Daniel Q. Li
Fady Sedarous
Tarek Bin Yameen
Orthopedics
Tyler Hauer
Michael Dzingala
Otolaryngology
Siraj Zahr
Ragavan Ganeshathasan
Armin Rahmani
Stephen Szeto
Pediatrics
Shirley Poon
Jessie Peng
Pharmacology
Rushi Gandhi
Pamela Leung
Plastic Surgery
Talha Maqbool
Matthew Lee
Maya Deeb
Josephine D’Abbondanza
Population and Community Health
Vishalini Sivarajah
Arjun Sithamparapillai
Psychiatry
Yasmin Nasirzadeh
Jonah Himelfarb
Ayan Dey
Respirology
Sameer Kushwaha
Albert Lee
Rheumatology
Stephanie Wan
Patrina Cheung
Urology
Ahmad Mousa
Viranda H. Jayalath
Anand Lakhani
Vascular Surgery
Joshua Mehta
Asha Behdinan
Faculty Editors
Division of Dermatology
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Ruby Alvi, MD, CCFP, MHSc
Department of Family
and Community Medicine
University of Toronto
Jillian Baker, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Pediatrician and Pediatric Hematologist
St. Michael’s Hospital and
The Hospital for Sick Children
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
Abdollah Behzadi, MD, MBA, FRCSC, FACS
Division of Thoracic Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Toronto
Katherine Bingham, MD, MPH, CCFP-EM
Faculty of Medicine
University of Toronto
Matthew Binnie, MD
Division of Respirology
University Health Network
St. Michael’s Hospital
Ari Bitnun, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Infectious Diseases
The Hospital for Sick Children
Andrea Boggild, MSc, MD, FRCPC
Tropical Disease Unit and
Division of Infectious Diseases
University Health Network
Toronto General Hospital
Arthur Bookman, MD, FRCPC
Division of Rheumatology
Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
John Byrne, MD, MB, BCh, BAO
Division of Vascular Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Toronto
Simon Carette, MD, FRCPC
Division of Rheumatology
Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital
Vicky Chau, MD, MScCH, FRCPC
Division of Geriatric Medicine
Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Alice Cheung, MD, FRCPC
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Chi-Ming Chow, MDCM, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Allison Chris, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Clinical Public Health
Dalla Lana School of Public Health
Maria Cino, HonBSc, MSc, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Hanna Faghfoury, MDCM, FRCPC, FCCMG
The Fred A Litwin Family Centre
in Genetic Medicine
Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital and
University Health Network
Michelle Farrugia, M.D., MEd., FRSCS
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Mount Sinai Hospital
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Toronto
Alfonso Fasano, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Division of Neurology
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Mark Freedman, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Tanna Gemini, MD, FRCPC
Division of Nephrology
Department of Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Jeremy Hall, MD, FRCSC
Division of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Surgery
St. Michael’s Hospital
Philip C. Hébert, MA, PhD, MD, FCFPC
Department of Family and
Community Medicine
Joint Centre for Bioethics
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Sender Herschorn, MDCM, FRCSC
Division of Urology
Department of Surgery
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Women’s College Hospital
Jonathan C. Irish, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Otolaryngology –
Head and Neck Surgery
University Health Network
Nasir Jaffer, MD, FRCPC
Division of Abdominal Imaging
Department of Medical Imaging
Joint Department of Medical Imaging
University of Toronto
Julie Johnston, MD (FRCPC), MScCH
Department of Pediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Division of Pediatric Medicine
University of Toronto
David Juurlink, BPhm, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
and Toxicology
Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Gabor Kandel, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology,
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Sari L. Kives, MD, FRCSC
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
St. Michael’s Hospital and
The Hospital for Sick Children
Wai-Ching Lam, MD, FRCSC
Department of Ophthalmology and
Vision Science
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Chloe Leon, MD, FRCPC
Division of Brain and Therapeutics
Department of Psychiatry
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Armando Lorenzo, MD, FRCSC
Division of Urology
Department of Surgery
The Hospital for Sick Children
Todd Mainprize, MD, FRCSC
Department of Neurosurgery
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Eric Massicotte, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Department of Neurosurgery
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Michael McDonald, MD, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology and
The Multi-Organ Transplant Program
Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Toronto General Hospital
Azadeh Moaveni, MD, CCFP
Department of Family and
Community Medicine
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Istvan Mucsi, MD PhD, FRCPC, FASN
Department of Medicine (Nephrology) University of Toronto
Kidney Transplant Program
Toronto General Hospital
University Health Network
Ally Murji, MD, MPH, FRCS(C)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Mount Sinai Hospital
Melinda Musgrave, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Surgery
St. Michael’s Hospital
George Oreopoulos, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of Vascular Surgery
Department of Surgery
University Health Network
Richard Pittini, MD, MEd, FRCSC, FACOG
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
University of Toronto
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Susan M. Poutanen, MD, MPH, FRCPC
Department of Microbiology
University Health Network and
Mount Sinai Hospital
Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Medicine
University of Toronto
Ramesh Prasad, MBBS,MSc,MA,PhD, FRCPC
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
Division of Nephrology
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Mary Preisman, MD, FRCPC
Department of Psychiatry
Mount Sinai Hospital
Laila Premji, MD, FRCPC
Division of Paediatric Medicine
Department of Paediatrics
The Hospital for Sick Children
Evan Propst, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Division of Head and Neck Surgery
Department of Otolaryngology
The Hospital for Sick Children
Amanda Selk, MD, FRCSC
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Mount Sinai Hospital
Michelle Sholzberg, MDCM, MSc, FRCPC
Division of Hematology
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Marisa Sit, MD, FRCSC
Department of Ophthalmology
University Health Network
Toronto Western Hospital
Kevin Skarratt, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Elizabeth Slow, MD, PhD, FRCP
Division of Neurology
University Health Network
Joyce So, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FCCMG
The Fred A. Litwin Family Centre
in Genetic Medicine
Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai Hospital and
University Health Network
Diana Tamir, MD, FRCPC
Department of Anesthesia and
Pain Management
University Health Network
Piero Tartaro, MD, FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology
Department of Medicine
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Joshua C. Teichman, MD, MPH, FRCSC
Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences
Trillium Health Partners
University of Toronto
Fernando Teixeira, MD, FRCPC
Department of Emergency Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Martina Trinkaus, MD, FRCPC
Division of Hematology
Department of Medicine
St. Michael’s Hospital
Herbert P. von Schroeder, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Divisions of Orthopedic Surgery and
Plastic Surgery
Department of Surgery
University Health Network
Danielle Vicus, MD, MSc
Gynecologic Oncologist
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Toronto
Oshrit Wanono, MD, FRCPC
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Kyle R. Wanzel, MD, MEd, FRCSC
Division of Plastic Surgery
St. Joseph’s Health Centre
Jeffrey Wassermann, MD, FRCPC
Department of Anesthesia
St. Michael’s Hospital
Alice Wei, MD CM, MSc, FRCSC
Division of General Surgery
Department of Surgery
University Health Network
Fay Weisberg, MD, FRCSC
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology
and Infertility
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Toronto
Anna Woo, MD CM, SM, DABIM, FRCPC
Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine
University Health Network
Toronto General Hospital
Jensen Yeung, MD, FRCPC
Division of Dermatology
Department of Medicine
Women’s College Hospital
Eugene Yu
Division of Neuroradiology
Department of Medical Imaging
University Health Network