Normal PA film of a male. Note the right and left clavicles (cl), posterior (p1-4) and anterior (a1-2) ribs, right and left costophrenic angles(cpa), right cardiophrenic angles (cdpa), right and left hemidiaphragms (hd), gastric air bubble (gab), trachea (tr), right...
Because the AP projection positions the heart and mediastinum further from the x-ray film than the PA projection, these structures appear magnified with the AP view. Other clues that you are looking at an AP projection include clavicles that project above the lung...
Nipple shadows can often mimic pulmonary nodules. Clues to nipples being the source of the apparent nodules on the lateral radiograph, bilaterally and “lesions” whose inferior and lateral borders appear sharper than their superior and medial margins....
Components of the PA mediastianl shadow (A) include SVC (1), ascending aorta (2), RA (3), IVC (4), aortic arch (5), pulmonary trunk (6), LA appendage (7), and LV (8). Mediastinal compartments on the lateral film (B) include: superior (S), anterior (A), middle (M) and...
This is a normal lateral film of a female patient. Note the spine (sp), anterior costophrenic angle (acpa), gastric air bubble (gab), trachea (tr), left mainstem bronchus (lbr), right mainstem bronchus (rbr), aortic arch (ao), anterior/retrosternal (acs) and...
