Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine

WHO Analgesia Ladder for Acute Pain

This ladder is used to guide pharmacological management of acute pain in patients. The patient must be asked to rate the pain out of 10 or use the Visual Analog Scale to determine severity.

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

The HbO2 saturation curve shown here, demonstrates the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in blood. In conditions of a right-shift, there is reduced affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin which allows greater delivery of oxygen to the tissues. In conditions of a left-shift, there is a reduced affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin causing a decrease in delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine

1. Ambu-bag (Laerdal resuscitator) – used to provide positive pressure ventilation
2. Simple face mask
3. Nasal prongs – assist in providing oxygen
4. Non-rebreather mask – enables to delivery of high concentrations of oxygen
5. Venturi mask with oxygen ports – mask used for the delivery of oxygen

1. Laryngoscope handle – an instrument used to visualize the larynx
2. Macintosh III laryngoscope blade
3. Miller laryngoscope blade
4. Cuffed endotracheal tube – a catheter that is placed inside the trachea to maintain a patent airway.
5. Stylet – a probe that assists with intubation
6. Large oral airway – a device that opens an airway by preventing the tongue from covering the epiglottis
7. Small oral airway – same as the large oral airway (but smaller)
8. Nasal airway – similar to the oral airway, but goes through the nose
9. Yanker suction tip – oral suctioning tool
10. McGill Forceps – aid passage of endotracheal tubes
11. Face mask
12. Syringe
13. Carbon dioxide detector
14. Tracheal light
15. Bougie – similar in function to a stylet but more elastic